PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Siberia		Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
					Hemingfordian					16.3
					Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
					Whitneyan					29.5
					Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian					47.8
					Wasatchian					50.5
					Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian			Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Bolindian	445.2
				Eastonian	449 *
				Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian	470
				Bendigonian	471.8 *
				Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian	Ungurian		477.7
				Warendian			482.8 *
				Warendian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian				Batyrbaian	489.5
				Aksaian				Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian				Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian				Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan				Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
			Toyonian	Lenian †	Toyonian			510 *
			Botomian		Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian		Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian		Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
										538.8