PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126002 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian					Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan							Irvingtonian	0.21
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian							Blancan	1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian								Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean								Chapadmalalan			3.6
										Montehermosan			3.7 *
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Montehermosan		Hemphillian	4.7
										Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
										Chasicoan			7.9 *
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Chasicoan		Clarendonian	9.4
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5					11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							Barstovian	12.5
										Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian								Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian			15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Santacrucian		Hemingfordian	16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian	17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4					23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian											27.82
										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3				Chadronian	33.9
					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Divisaderan		Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan							Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2					41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Wasatchian	50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Cenozoic 1		Riochican		Clarkforkian	56
							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Riochican		Tiffanian	56.2
										Itaboraian			56.9 *
										Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
										Tiupampan			62.4 *
			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan			63.8			Tiupampan
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8		Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Cretaceous 7		Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian				Cretaceous 4			100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian				Cretaceous 3			113
		Aptian	Early Aptian				Cretaceous 3			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian								174.7
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian							Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian							Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1	Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian				Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1			529
													538.8