PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian						66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic						100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian			Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3							119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2		273.01
						Filipovian			276.5 *
						Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
						Irginian			285.9 *
						Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Permian 1		293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian								Paibian		494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4						Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3						Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2						Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2						Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1						Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1						Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8