PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian		2.58
				Piacenzian							Ruscinian		3.1 *
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Turolian		5.333
				Tortonian							Turolian		7.246
											Vallesian		8.7
											Vallesian	Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian							Astaracian	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian							Orleanian		15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
											Agenian		20
				Aquitanian							Agenian		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Rupelian					Kekeamuan				27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian						Bumbanian		Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan			Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian					Gashatan			Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian								Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000
		Ectasian							1200
		Calymmian							1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian							1600
		Orosirian							1800
		Rhyacian							2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean									4000
													4600