PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian of China	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian											47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian			Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian				251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian				Longtanian †	254.14
			Laoshanian					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
			Laibinian						Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian				Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian				Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian					Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian					Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian		273.01
							Filipovian			276.5 *
							Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian				Sarginian			283.5
							Sarginian	Longlinian		285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian		Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian				Gamachian		443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian				Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian			453
								Turinian			453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian				Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †							497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †				504.5
																509