PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene					15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene					23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene		Geringian			27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian	Midian		264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
												538.8