PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Pamirs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean									2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
												Hemphillian	4.7
				Baodean									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
												Clarendonian	9.4
				Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian		Shanwangian									13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
				Xiejiaan								Hemingfordian	16.9
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan			27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian	Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Gashatan		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Midian		Leine	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian		Leine	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian		443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
				Dobrotivian					458.5 *
				Oretanian					459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
									Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian							Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian	514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian	521
													525.5