PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene							Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene								15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene							Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene							Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6									145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4									168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3									174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
					Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian				450.4 *
					Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4			Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5			Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
													538.8