PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian						66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic						100.5
						Middle Albian									106.2 *
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian				Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3							119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
						Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
						Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3		266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2		273.01
							Filipovian			276.5 *
							Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
							Irginian			285.9 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian	Permian 1		293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean						Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian									Paibian		494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3							Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2							Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2							Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1							Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1							Jinnigian		530.7
															538.8