PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of Western Europe	European Faunal Units	Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian				2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian				5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian				7.246
							Vallesian				8.7
							Vallesian		Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian					Astaracian		Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian				15.98
									Hemingfordian		16.3
									Arikareean		18.5
							Agenian				20
		Aquitanian					Agenian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
									Whitneyan		29.5
									Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian		47.8
									Wasatchian		50.5
									Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Rotliegendes	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Leine		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10						Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian						Iverian	489.5
		Paibian						Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian						Boomerangian	499
		Drumian						Undillan	500.5
		Drumian						Floran	503
		Wuliuan						Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan						Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Ordian	509
											510.8 *