International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
- J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Permian Subages of Germany | European Faunal Units | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | Cretaceous Subepochs | Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe | Permian of Western Europe | North American Land Mammal Ages | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||||
| Santarosean | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Tarantian | 0.0117 | ||||||||
| Rancholabrean | 0.014 | ||||||||||
| Chibanian | Ionian | 0.129 | |||||||||
| Irvingtonian | 0.21 | ||||||||||
| Calabrian | 0.774 | ||||||||||
| Blancan | 1.4 | ||||||||||
| Gelasian | 1.8 | ||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Villanyian | 2.58 | |||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | ||||||||||
| Zanclean | 3.6 | ||||||||||
| Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | 5.333 | ||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | ||||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | ||||||||||
| Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||||
| Serravallian | Astaracian | 11.63 | |||||||||
| Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | ||||||||||
| Burdigalian | Orleanian | 15.98 | |||||||||
| Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||||
| Arikareean | 18.5 | ||||||||||
| Agenian | 20 | ||||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | 23.03 | ||||||||
| Rupelian | 27.82 | ||||||||||
| Whitneyan | 29.5 | ||||||||||
| Orellan | 31.8 | ||||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||||
| Duchesnean | 37 | ||||||||||
| Bartonian | 37.71 | ||||||||||
| Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | ||||||||||
| Bridgerian | 46.2 | ||||||||||
| Ypresian | 47.8 | ||||||||||
| Wasatchian | 50.5 | ||||||||||
| Clarkforkian | 54.9 | ||||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | 56 | |||||||||
| Tiffanian | 56.2 | ||||||||||
| Selandian | 59.2 | ||||||||||
| Torrejonian | 60.9 | ||||||||||
| Danian | 61.6 | ||||||||||
| Puercan | 63.8 | ||||||||||
| Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | Senonian | 66 | |||||||
| Campanian | 72.1 | ||||||||||
| Santonian | 83.6 | ||||||||||
| Coniacian | 86.3 | ||||||||||
| Turonian | 89.8 | ||||||||||
| Cenomanian | 93.9 | ||||||||||
| Early Cretaceous | Albian | Gallic | 100.5 | ||||||||
| Aptian | 113 | ||||||||||
| Barremian | 121.4 | ||||||||||
| Hauterivian | Neocomian | 125.77 | |||||||||
| Valanginian | 132.6 | ||||||||||
| Berriasian | 139.8 | ||||||||||
| Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | 145 | ||||||||
| Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | ||||||||||
| Oxfordian | 154.8 | ||||||||||
| Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | |||||||||
| Bathonian | 165.3 | ||||||||||
| Bajocian | Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites | 168.2 | |||||||||
| Humphresianum | 168.4 | ||||||||||
| Aalenian | Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum | 170.9 | |||||||||
| Early Jurassic | Toarcian | Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons | Thouarsense | 174.7 | |||||||
| 180.1 | |||||||||||
| Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum | 182 | ||||||||||
| Pliensbachian | Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni | 184.2 | |||||||||
| Sinemurian | Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi | 192.9 | |||||||||
| Hettangian | Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis | 199.5 | |||||||||
| Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | ||||||||
| Norian | 208.5 | ||||||||||
| Carnian | 227 | ||||||||||
| Middle Triassic | Ladinian | 237 | |||||||||
| Anisian | 242 | ||||||||||
| Early Triassic | Olenekian | 247.2 | |||||||||
| Induan | 251.2 | ||||||||||
| Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | Buntsandstein | 251.902 | |||||||
| Wuchiapingian | Zechstein | 254.14 | |||||||||
| Guadalupian | Capitanian | Ohre/Aller | Rotliegendes | 259.51 | |||||||
| Wordian | Leine | 264.28 | |||||||||
| Roadian | 266.9 | ||||||||||
| Cisuralian | Kungurian | 273.01 | |||||||||
| Artinskian | Autunian | 283.5 | |||||||||
| Sakmarian | 290.1 | ||||||||||
| Asselian | 293.52 | ||||||||||
| 298.9 | |||||||||||