PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
													Irvingtonian	0.21
					Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
													Blancan	1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan									3.6
					Montehermosan									3.7 *
					Montehermosan								Hemphillian	4.7
					Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
					Chasicoan									7.9 *
					Chasicoan								Clarendonian	9.4
					Mayoan									9.9 *
					Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5										11.63
													Barstovian	12.5
					Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian			Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian									15.98
					Santacrucian									16.2 *
					Santacrucian								Hemingfordian	16.3
					Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian	17.4 *
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
					Tinguirirican									28.9 *
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3									Chadronian	33.9
					Divisaderan								Chadronian	35.9 *
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2										41.2
					Mustersan									41.9 *
													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
					Casamayoran									47.9 *
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1	Riochican								Clarkforkian	56
					Riochican								Tiffanian	56.2
					Itaboraian									56.9 *
					Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												61.6
					Tiupampan									62.4 *
					Tiupampan								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8								Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	Ashgill	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan			445.2
						Cautleyan			448.9 *
						Pusgillian			449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan				451.5 *
						Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4						453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian					470
						Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
														538.8