PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Devonian of Germany	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America					North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene							2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene							15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene							27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2							Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene						Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	Kathwai	Permian 4	Buntsandstein		251.902
								252.4 *
				Chhidru				252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru				254.14
				Kalabagh				255 *
				Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian				Leine		264.28
			Noginskian					264.9 *
								265.3 *
				Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb	Permian 3			266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian					283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
			Khamovnikian					304.8
			Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian		Carboniferous 4			307
			Podolskian					308.9 *
			Kashirian					311.4 *
			Vereian					313.8
			Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian					315.2
			Cheremshanian					316.9 *
			Prikamian					318.6 *
			Severokeltmian					319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
			Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Protvian				324.4 *
			Steshevian				326.8 *
			Tarusian				329 *
		Visean	Venevian		Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Tulian				335.8 *
			Bobrikian				339.9 *
			Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		Carboniferous 1		346.7
			Kizelian				350.7 *
			Cherepetian				351.9 *
			Karakubian				354.4 *
			Upinian				356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4		Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †		470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian		Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5			Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
														538.8