PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages		Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean														Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian														Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Senonian		66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			Gallic		100.5
												Middle Albian					106.2 *
												Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian					113
		Aptian										Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian					139.8
												Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
												Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian			Zechstein	254.14
			Laoshanian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
			Laibinian					Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan			Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian			Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
			Longlinian				Sarginian		285.4 *
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Zisongian			Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Skullrockian				485.4
																	487.5