PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene							Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene								15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene								27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene							Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene							Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan										150
					Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian	Buntsandstein		251.902
				Waiitian	Meishanian			253.2
					Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian			254.14
				Puruhauan	Laoshanian			254.2
				Puruhauan	Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian		Flettian	Leine		264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	Leine		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian					273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian			283.5
					Telfordian			285
			Longlinian		Telfordian			285.4 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
								Xiaodushanian	300 *
									300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
															487.5