PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian												Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic							Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
							Hessian		Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Irginian	286.1 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †					St Davids		497
		Drumian		Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †					Caerfai		509
		Stage 4		Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran								514
				Montezuman								514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
															538.8