PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
											Hemphillian	4.7
					Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
											Clarendonian	9.4
					Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian			Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
					Xiejiaan						Hemingfordian	16.9
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	146.3 *						Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
			Early Kimmeridgian				Ohauan	152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Late Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour			Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian			Tuvalian	Oretian	227
			Gore		Tuvalian	Kaihikuan	227.5
					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
					Longobardian	Etalian	238
					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
					Aegean	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
					Smithian		248.9 *
					Smithian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville		Griesbachian	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima			Flettian		259.51
		Wordian						264.28
					Noginskian			264.9 *
						Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
						Mangapirian		276
					Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
						Telfordian		285
					Rusavkinian	Telfordian		287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian				303.7
					Khamovnikian				304.8
					Krevyakinian				305.8 *
					Krevyakinian				305.9
		Moscovian			Myachkovian				307
					Podolskian				308.9 *
					Kashirian				311.4 *
					Vereian				313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian				393.3
		Pragian			Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian				410.8
												419.2