PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	European Faunal Units	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian					2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian					7.246
				Vallesian					8.7
				Vallesian				Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian		Astaracian				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian					15.98
								Hemingfordian	16.3
								Arikareean	18.5
				Agenian					20
		Aquitanian		Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian	47.8
								Wasatchian	50.5
								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
				Stephanian B		300.9 *
				Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian			303.7
			Khamovnikian			304.8
			Khamovnikian	Cantabrian		305 *
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian			307
			Myachkovian	Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
			Podolskian		Westphalian D	308.9 *
			Podolskian		Westphalian C	309.8
			Kashirian			311.4 *
			Vereian			313.8
			Vereian		Westphalian B	314.6
			Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian			316.9 *
			Cheremshanian		Westphalian A	317 *
			Prikamian		Westphalian A	318.6 *
			Prikamian	Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Severokeltmian		Yeadonian	319.9 *
			Severokeltmian		Marsdenian	320.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Krasnopolyanian		Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
			Voznesenian		Kinderscoutian	321.9 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		Chokierian	323.2
			Zapaltjubian		Arnsbergian	324 *
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Steshevian		Pendleian	327.4 *
			Tarusian		Pendleian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Tulian	Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Bobrikian	Livian	Asbian †	339.9 *
			Bobrikian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Radaevkian	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	Ivorian		346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Cherepetian	Hastarian		353.7 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
									419.2