PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of France	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene					15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene					27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Couvinien	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian	407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Waucoban †					Delamaran	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran	514
								Montezuman	514.8 *
								Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8