PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian Subages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene				15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene				27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene			Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
			Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian				307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
			Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
			Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
			Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
			Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian		Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani				433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
								Toyonian	510 *
								Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian	514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	521
											525.5