PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of China		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
						Hemingfordian					16.3
						Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan			27.82
						Whitneyan					29.5
						Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian			Bumbanian		47.8
						Wasatchian					50.5
						Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian		Gashatan			56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian		Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian				Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian				66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic				100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
					Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
						Actonian †		453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian						Paibian		494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian		530.7
											538.8