PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Central Paratethys Stages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean						Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene		3.6
											Hemphillian	4.7
				Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian					7.246
											Clarendonian	9.4
				Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian					Sarmatian			Middle Miocene		11.63
							Sarmatian				Barstovian	12.5
							Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian		Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene		15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
				Xiejiaan							Hemingfordian	16.9
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene		27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Gashatan		Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †		293.52
		Asselian	Bursumian †		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian		Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
			Missourian	Cantabrian		305 *
			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian				307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
			Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
			Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
			Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
			Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
												419.2