PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of France	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene					15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene					23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene					27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Chotec	Couvinien	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Chotec		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Pragian				Pragian	Coblencien	Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran						514
				Montezuman						514.8 *
				Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
													538.8