PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Central Paratethys Stages	Silurian of England		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian		Pannonian							7.246
		Tortonian		Pannonian					Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian		Sarmatian					Clarendonian		11.63
				Sarmatian					Barstovian		12.5
				Badenian							12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
									Hemingfordian		16.3
									Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
									Whitneyan		29.5
									Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian		47.8
									Wasatchian		50.5
									Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Midian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
											443.8