PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
										Hemingfordian		16.3
										Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4								23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
										Whitneyan		29.5
										Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3						Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2						Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian		47.8
										Wasatchian		50.5
										Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian								Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Midian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare				Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian	Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				Silurian 1	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian					Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian					Ordovician 1	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Cambrian 2	Botomian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian					Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
												538.8