PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			European Faunal Units	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian					2.58
		Piacenzian						Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian					7.246
								Vallesian					8.7
								Vallesian				Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian						Astaracian				Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian						Orleanian					15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
								Agenian					20
		Aquitanian						Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						477.7
		Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
													538.8