PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Permian of the Russian Platform		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean													Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian						66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic						100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian					Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3							119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Silurian 2	Cayugan	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton		Cayugan	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas				Lockportian			427.4
		Homerian		Wych			Woolhope	Lockportian			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	Ontarian		433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Cowleigh Park								439.3 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian						Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Cambrian 5				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian										Paibian		494
		Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Cambrian 4				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Cambrian 4				Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Cambrian 3				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Cambrian 3				Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2					Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Jinnigian				530.7
																538.8