PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Permian of Western Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean	0.129
												Irvingtonian	0.21
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
												Blancan	1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan				3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
									Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
									Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
									Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
												Barstovian	12.5
									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian							Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian				15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
									Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
									Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	33.9
									Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
									Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											61.6
									Tiupampan				62.4 *
									Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		100.5
		Aptian		113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	Autunian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian		303.7
				Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian		307
				Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean		Venevian		330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
				Tulian		335.8 *
				Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470	Fennian
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
													485 *