PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic									Late Albian			100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian			113
		Aptian														Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian		Roadian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
						Filipovian				276.5 *
						Saraninian				280.1 *
						Saraninian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian				283.5
						Irginian				285.9 *
						Irginian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
						Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian			Nealian	293.52
						Uskalykian				294.8
						Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju			Porkuni			443.8
		Katian					Pirgu			445.2
							Vormsi			449.6 *
							Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
				Viru			Rakvere				450.6 *
							Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian					Keila			Idavere †	453
							Haljala				453.9
							Kukruse				456.4 *
							Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku				458.4
							Lasnamagi				458.9 *
							Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda				462.9 *
							Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg					477.7
			Varangu				481.3 *
			Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
														Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
													Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian		Albertian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian								Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran		Waucoban †	Caerfai		509
		Stage 4								Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran					514
										Montezuman					514.8 *
										Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																			538.8