PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																		Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																		Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean																		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian																		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																		Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
																				Hemingfordian	16.3
																				Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
																				Whitneyan	29.5
																				Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																		Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																		Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																		Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																		Bridgerian	47.8
																				Wasatchian	50.5
																				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian			100.5
																		Middle Albian			106.2 *
																		Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian			113
		Aptian																Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian			139.8
																		Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan										Late Kimmeridgian			150
			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *				Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian		168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian		168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian		174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi			Ururoan	176
			Planulata					179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Kanense						181.3 *
			Carlottense						182.3 *
			Carlottense			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Kunae			Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Freboldi						185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Aratauran			188.9
										189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian		Warepan				Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan						217
				Oretian						221
		Carnian		Oretian				Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian		227.5
								Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
				Etalian				Longobardian		238
								Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian		242
								Pelsonian		243.8 *
								Bithynian		244.7 *
								Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian				Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian		247.2
								Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian				Smithian		249
		Induan						Dienerian		251.2
								Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan				Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan						251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan						254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian						Wordian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian						Wordian	266
		Roadian								Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian							Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
				Telfordian								285
				Telfordian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Nealian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †		449.6 *
							Streffordian		Berounian				449.7 *
							Cheneyan						451.5 *
							Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
											Actonian †		453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Aurelucian									456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									458.4
									Dobrotivian							458.5 *
									Oretanian							459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
												Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †				467.3
									Arenigian							468
						Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian									470
							Whitlandian	471.1 *
							Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
								Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian														Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										St Davids					497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
																					538.8