PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125932 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean	0.129
							Irvingtonian	0.21
				Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian						0.774
							Blancan	1.4
				Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan				3.6
				Montehermosan				3.7 *
				Montehermosan			Hemphillian	4.7
				Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
				Chasicoan				7.9 *
				Chasicoan			Clarendonian	9.4
				Mayoan				9.9 *
				Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian						11.63
							Barstovian	12.5
				Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian		Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian				15.98
				Santacrucian				16.2 *
				Santacrucian			Hemingfordian	16.3
				Colhuehuapian			Hemingfordian	17.4 *
							Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
				Tinguirirican				28.9 *
							Whitneyan	29.5
							Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian	33.9
				Divisaderan			Chadronian	35.9 *
							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						41.2
				Mustersan				41.9 *
							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						47.8
				Casamayoran				47.9 *
							Wasatchian	50.5
							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican			Clarkforkian	56
				Riochican			Tiffanian	56.2
				Itaboraian				56.9 *
				Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						61.6
				Tiupampan				62.4 *
				Tiupampan			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian	445.2
					Eastonian	449 *
				Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
			Bendigonian	471.8 *
			Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
								485.4