PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
															Irvingtonian	0.21
							Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian														0.774
															Blancan	1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan									3.6
							Montehermosan									3.7 *
							Montehermosan								Hemphillian	4.7
							Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
							Chasicoan									7.9 *
							Chasicoan								Clarendonian	9.4
							Mayoan									9.9 *
							Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian														11.63
															Barstovian	12.5
							Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian					Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian									15.98
							Santacrucian									16.2 *
							Santacrucian								Hemingfordian	16.3
							Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian	17.4 *
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
							Tinguirirican									28.9 *
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
							Divisaderan								Chadronian	35.9 *
															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
							Mustersan									41.9 *
															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
							Casamayoran									47.9 *
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican								Clarkforkian	56
							Riochican								Tiffanian	56.2
							Itaboraian									56.9 *
							Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														61.6
							Tiupampan									62.4 *
							Tiupampan								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		100.5
		Aptian		113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian						Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						Pusgillian	449.5
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
						Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
						Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian						Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian					Ungurian	Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
							Lianghekou †					Migneintian	477.9 *
												Cressagian	480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian					489.5
								Aksaian					490.7 *
								Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian					504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
								Toyonian					510 *
								Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian					514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian					521
																525.5