PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																	Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																	Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																	Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean																	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian																	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																	Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
																			Hemingfordian	16.3
																			Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
																			Whitneyan	29.5
																			Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																	Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																	Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																	Bridgerian	47.8
																			Wasatchian	50.5
																			Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian															Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian															Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian															Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															Late Albian			100.5
																	Middle Albian			106.2 *
																	Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian															Late Aptian			113
		Aptian															Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian															Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian															Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian															Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian															Late Berriasian			139.8
																	Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian															Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian															Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan										Late Kimmeridgian			150
			Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *			Ohauan
			Early Kimmeridgian	Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian	174.7
			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi		Ururoan		176
			Planulata					179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense						181.3 *
			Carlottense						182.3 *
			Carlottense				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae				Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi						185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Aratauran				188.9
										189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian		Warepan				Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
				Otamitan						217
				Oretian						221
		Carnian		Oretian				Tuvalian		227
			Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian		227.5
								Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
				Etalian				Longobardian		238
								Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian		242
								Pelsonian		243.8 *
								Bithynian		244.7 *
								Aegean		245.5 *
				Malakovian				Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian		247.2
								Smithian		248.9 *
				Nelsonian				Smithian		249
		Induan						Dienerian		251.2
								Griesbachian		251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan				Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan						251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan						254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian						Wordian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian						Wordian	266
		Roadian								Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian							Cathedralian	276
											Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian										283.5
				Telfordian								285
				Telfordian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
												288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Nealian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian					Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Pusgillian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
						Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
							Guniu †/Hulo					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
							Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo						466.3 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian				Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian						Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian					Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Lianghekou †			Migneintian			477.9 *
												Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10													Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										St Davids				497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																				538.8