PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Britain				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																		Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																		Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean																		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian																		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																		Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
																				Hemingfordian	16.3
																				Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
																				Whitneyan	29.5
																				Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																		Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																		Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																		Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																		Bridgerian	47.8
																				Wasatchian	50.5
																				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian			100.5
																		Middle Albian			106.2 *
																		Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian			113
		Aptian																Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian			139.8
																		Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
			Planulata			179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Kanense				181.3 *
			Carlottense				182.3 *
			Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian						Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian						Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian		Rawtheyan	445.2
										Richmondian		Rawtheyan	446 *
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian					450.4 *
				Mohawkian						Chatfieldian					451.1 *
												Cheneyan			451.5 *
												Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian													453
													Actonian †		453.2 *
							Turinian			453.7 *			Actonian †
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †		454.2 *
			Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian					456.8 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									467.3
			Arenig		Fennian									468.4 *
							Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
					Whitlandian		Blackhillsian								471.1 *
					Whitlandian		Tulean								473.9 *
					Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian										477.7
					Migneintian		Stairsian								480.3 *
					Cressagian		Stairsian								480.8 *
					Cressagian	Skullrockian	Demingian †							482 *
							Demingian †							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
															Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	487.5
															Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												St Davids		497
		Guzhangian														Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	Caerfai					509
		Stage 3						Branchian						514
		Stage 3						Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																					538.8