PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of North America						Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																		Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																		Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian																		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian																		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																		Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean																		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian																		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian																		Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																		Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
																				Hemingfordian	16.3
																				Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
																				Whitneyan	29.5
																				Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian																		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																		Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																		Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																		Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																		Bridgerian	47.8
																				Wasatchian	50.5
																				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian																		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian																		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian																		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian																		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian																		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic									Late Albian			100.5
																		Middle Albian			106.2 *
																		Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian			113
		Aptian																Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian			139.8
																		Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
						Filipovian				276.5 *
						Saraninian				280.1 *
						Saraninian		Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian				283.5
						Irginian				285.9 *
						Irginian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
						Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		Nealian		293.52
						Uskalykian				294.8
						Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian					Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
															Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
															Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															489.5
																Steptoean	493 *
			Maentwrogian												493.1 *
		Paibian	Maentwrogian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian										Albertian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian	Marjumian													500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan													504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran													506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran										Waucoban †	Caerfai		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran													511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran													514
			Montezuman													514.8 *
			Begadean													519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																					538.8