PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian									Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan							150
					Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan							164.3
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
				Barettian		266
					Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
				Mangapirian	Kubergandian	276
					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				283.5
				Telfordian		285
				Telfordian	Yakhtashian	286
					Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10							Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian							Iverian	489.5
		Paibian							Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian							Boomerangian	499
		Drumian							Undillan	500.5
		Drumian							Floran	503
		Wuliuan							Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan							Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4							Ordian	509
												510.8 *