PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6						Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean														Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1						Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian						66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic						100.5
								Middle Albian									106.2 *
								Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3							113
		Aptian						Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3							119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian									139.8
								Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
								Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5							149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2						470
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian						Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Cambrian 5	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian									Jiangshanian		489.5
				Aksaian											490.7 *
				Sakian											492.2 *
		Paibian											Paibian		494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian								Cambrian 4	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian									Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian									Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan								Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan									Duyunian		509
			Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							Cambrian 2		Nangaoian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian									Nangaoian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									Meishucunian	521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian		Manykaian †						Cambrian 1			529
		Fortunian		Manykaian †						Cambrian 1		Jinnigian	530.7
																	538.8