PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
						Hemingfordian							16.3
						Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian							47.8
						Wasatchian							50.5
						Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian				Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian		100.5
											Middle Albian		106.2 *
											Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian		113
		Aptian									Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian		Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian							489.5
				Aksaian							490.7 *
				Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan							509
				Toyonian					Lenian †		510 *
				Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian							514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †		529
													538.8