PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Permian of Western Europe	Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of France	Cambrian of China		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5					Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4						23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2					Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8						66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7						72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6						83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4						100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3						113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2						121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2						125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1						132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6						145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5						149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4						165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4						168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3						174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2						184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			Cambrian 5	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10						Niuchehean		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Paibian			494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian			Albertian †	Cambrian 4	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian				Cambrian 4	Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan				Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran					Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran			Waucoban †		Duyunian		509
		Stage 4		Dyeran					Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				Cambrian 2	Nangaoian		514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian						Cambrian 1	Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian						Cambrian 1	Jinnigian		530.7
												538.8