PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126557 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
												Hemingfordian		16.3
												Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
												Whitneyan		29.5
												Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian		47.8
												Wasatchian		50.5
												Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian										Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Midian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
											Aksaian		490.7 *
											Sakian		492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian					Albertian †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan				Topazan						Tuesaian	504.5
						Topazan							505.3
						Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †		509
												Toyonian	510 *
						Dyeran						Toyonian	511 *
												Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3											514
						Montezuman							514.8 *
						Montezuman						Atdabanian	515.6 *
				Begadean		519.9 *						Atdabanian
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
														538.8