PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian											Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian					Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											489.5
									Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
								Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai						509
									Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
									Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
														538.8