PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian Subages of Germany	European Faunal Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Villanyian		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian			Turolian		7.246
									Vallesian		8.7
									Vallesian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Sarmatian			Astaracian	Clarendonian	11.63
						Sarmatian				Barstovian	12.5
						Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						Orleanian		15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
									Agenian		20
		Aquitanian							Agenian		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian			Leine		264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian	Leine		264.9 *
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian			283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian		303.7
				Khamovnikian		304.8
				Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian		307
				Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean		Venevian		330.9
				Mikhailovian		331.9 *
				Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	Gleedonian	427.4
				Wych		Woolhope	Gleedonian	428.4 *
							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
											443.8