PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene					Kekeamuan			27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene						Bumbanian	Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene					Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene					Gashatan		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Leine	264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
			Pusgillian			449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian			Ungurian	477.7
			Tremadoc		Cressagian				480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
								Toyonian	510 *
								Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3		514				Botomian
		Stage 3		Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian				521
											525.5