PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125959 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Germany	Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian	16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
									Monroecreekian						23.1 *
									Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Geringian						27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian	47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian	50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							To3/To2/To1				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dobrotivian							458.5 *
			Oretanian							459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian							Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan			509
										Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
										Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian			514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian			521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian								Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
															538.8