PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126536 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
											Hemingfordian	16.3
											Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Kekeamuan						27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				Bumbanian				Bridgerian	47.8
											Wasatchian	50.5
											Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Gashatan					Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Gashatan					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			Wordian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian	Wordian			264.9 *
		Roadian			Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
				Pavlovoposadian				Cathedralian	276.8 *
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
					Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
				Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian						303.7
				Khamovnikian						304.8
				Krevyakinian						305.8 *
				Krevyakinian						305.9
		Moscovian		Myachkovian						307
				Podolskian						308.9 *
				Kashirian						311.4 *
				Vereian						313.8
				Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian						315.2
				Cheremshanian						316.9 *
				Prikamian						318.6 *
				Severokeltmian						319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
				Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian		323.2
				Protvian		324.4 *
				Steshevian		326.8 *
				Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Datsonian	485.4
						Payntonian	486.8 *
						Payntonian	Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian				Iverian	Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian				Iverian	Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian				Idamean	Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian		Albertian †	Mindyallan			497
		Guzhangian					Boomerangian			499
		Drumian					Undillan			500.5
		Drumian			Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Topazan	Templetonian		504.5
				Delamaran	Templetonian		506.5
					Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian	Waucoban †	509
							510.8 *
				Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran			514
				Montezuman			514.8 *
				Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
												538.8