PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Rancholabrean	0.129
													Irvingtonian	0.21
						Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											0.774
													Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Yushean		Mangapanian								2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Waipipian								3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene			Waipipian								3.6
						Opoitian								3.7
													Hemphillian	4.7
				Baodean										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene		Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
													Clarendonian	9.4
					Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene											11.63
													Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian		Shanwangian		Lillburnian								13.82
						Clifdenian								15.1
					Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
				Xiejiaan									Hemingfordian	16.9
													Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene			Waitakian								23.03
						Duntroonian								25.2
						Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan								34.6
						Kaiatan								36.7
													Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											37.71
						Bortonian								39.1
													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
						Heretaungan								45.7
													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											47.8
						Mangaorapan								48.9
						Mangaorapan							Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan							Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan							Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Teurian							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian				Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian				Korangan		113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
						Aksaian	Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian	Sakian					492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan			Topazan		Tuesaian		Amgan/Solvan			504.5
					Topazan							505.3
					Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †						509
							Toyonian		Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
					Dyeran		Toyonian		Toyonian			511 *
							Botomian		Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
					Montezuman							514.8 *
					Montezuman		Atdabanian		Atdabanian			515.6 *
					Begadean		Atdabanian		Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
														538.8