PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America						Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe			Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean													Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian													Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian													Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian													Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian													Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian													Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian													Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian													Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian			100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian			113
				Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
							Late Toarcian	180.1
							Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian	182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian				Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian				Tuvalian	227
			Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
			Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan				Dienerian		251.2
			Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
					Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian						450.4 *
					Mohawkian				Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian			467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean						477.7
						Stairsian						480.3 *
						Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10								Niuchehean		487.5
			Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian								Paibian		494
			Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian								Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian		509
		Series 2	Stage 3								Nangaoian		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
			Fortunian								Meishucunian		529
			Fortunian								Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian					Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau						1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan						1375
																		1400