PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Permian of North America		Devonian of France	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian								MN 17				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						MN 16				2.58
				Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						MN 15				3.2
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene						MN 15				3.6
												MN 14				4.2
												MN 14			Hemphillian	4.7
												MN 13				4.9
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene						MN 13				5.333
				Tortonian								MN 12				7.246
												MN 11				7.75
												MN 10				8.7
												MN 10			Clarendonian	9.4
												MN 9				9.7
												MN 7 + 8				11.1
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene										11.63
															Barstovian	12.5
												MN 6				12.8 *
				Langhian								MN 5				13.82
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene						MN 4				15.98
												MN 4			Hemingfordian	16.3
												MN 3			Hemingfordian	16.9
												MN 3			Arikareean	18.5
												MN 2				20
				Aquitanian								MN 2				20.44
				Aquitanian								MN 1				22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										23.03
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene										27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene									Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian		Late Eocene									Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene									Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene									Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene									Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian		Late Paleocene									Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene									Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene									Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian		Early Paleocene									Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian		Early Paleocene									Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian		Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian		Hessian		283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian		Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian		Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian							453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian			Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian			Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
						Tremadoc		Cressagian			480.8 *
											485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian								Paibian		494
			Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian								Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian								509
Series 2		Stage 3	Nangaoian								514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian								529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian								530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian		1200									Yurmatian
		Ectasian		Burzyan	1375
																1400