PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126130 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran						Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian			Tarantian						0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Tarantian					Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian					Ionian					Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian											0.774
														Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean		Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian							3
				Zanclean				Waipipian							3.6
								Opoitian							3.7
														Hemphillian	4.7
						Baodean									4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian											7.246
														Clarendonian	9.4
							Southland	Waiauan							11.04
						Tunggurian									11.1
				Serravallian											11.63
														Barstovian	12.5
								Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian		Shanwangian		Lillburnian							13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian											15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
						Xiejiaan								Hemingfordian	16.9
														Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian								Kekeamuan			27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
														Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
								Bortonian							39.1
														Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
														Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian									Bumbanian		47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
								Mangaorapan						Wasatchian	50.5
								Waipawan						Wasatchian	52
								Waipawan						Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian				Gashatan		Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian								Gashatan		Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
Torrejonian	60.9			Selandian
Torrejonian	Danian			61.6
Puercan	Danian			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
			Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan			113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		259.51
			Wordian			Midian		264.28
			Wordian			Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian			Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian			Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian			Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian			Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian		453
					Actonian †				453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †					455.2 *
					Longvillian †			Aurelucian		456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Aurelucian	457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
			Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
			Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
			Dapingian	Arenig			Fennian		468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian		470
							Whitlandian		471.1 *
							Moridunian		474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadoc			Migneintian		477.7
				Tremadoc			Cressagian		480.8 *
									485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
Wuliuan			Topazan						504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran						506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Begadean							519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2								521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian				Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau				1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan				1375
															1400