PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126520 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of France	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene				Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian							Early Pleistocene				Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene					2.58
				Zanclean							Early Pliocene					3.6
				Zanclean							Early Pliocene				Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian							Middle Miocene				Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian							Early Miocene					15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene					23.03
				Rupelian							Early Oligocene					27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene				Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian							Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian							Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian							Early Eocene				Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene				Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian							Late Paleocene				Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian							Middle Paleocene				Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian							Middle Paleocene				Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian							Early Paleocene				Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian							Early Paleocene				Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian									Late Aptian			113
				Aptian									Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian				Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian				Couvinien	Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian	407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	Pragian	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
			Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian						Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian				Albertian †	497
			Drumian		Marjumian					500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan					504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran					506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Dyeran					511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran					514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
					Begadean					519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †				Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †				Wonokan †			571.7 *
																635